A Look at Cognitive and Constructivist Theories: The Impact of Anxiety on Subjectivity and Gender Differences

Abstract

Anxiety is a complex psychological phenomenon influenced by cognitive distortions, interpersonal interactions, and sociocultural constructions, which may be gendered. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT), grounded in Beck’s theory, is effective in modifying dysfunctional thought patterns by promoting cognitive restructuring and emotional self-regulation. Studies indicate that gender differences shape the manifestation of anxiety. Women tend to express and internalize emotions more frequently, while men are often encouraged to suppress them, which may lead to externalizing manifestations. Neurobiologically, the amygdala may be more active in women, whereas the prefrontal cortex tends to be more active in men during stress, contributing to disparities in the experience of anxiety. Freud’s psychoanalytic perspective complements this understanding by suggesting that repressed unconscious conflicts, shaped by social norms, may give rise to symptoms. Integrating these perspectives, along with consideration of sociocultural factors (such as social class and gender identity), fosters more sensitive clinical listening and more effective and ethical therapeutic interventions. CBT, by identifying and modifying cognitive distortions such as catastrophizing, is particularly useful; however, its effectiveness is optimized when adapted to the patient’s sociocultural specificities. This includes recognizing how gender roles, family contexts, and social pressures shape the manifestation of anxiety. By tailoring CBT techniques to the particularities of each individual, the therapeutic process becomes more responsive, acceptable, and therefore more effective. Cognitive restructuring, psychoeducation, and behavioral strategies empower the patient, alleviating symptoms and promoting autonomy and quality of life.